32.66Level 28 — pedal versus changing root ambiguity

Sometimes a repeated bass note psychologically becomes a pedal rather than “root of every chord.”

That distinction matters.

If E♭ sits under four unrelated upper structures:

do not necessarily name them all as giant E♭ chords.

You can simply hear:

upper harmonies over E♭ pedal.

Theory should reflect the most useful perceptual model.